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Plane Long Haul¤

Plane Long-Haul (LH)¤

Overview¤

Long-haul flights refer to air travel over long distances, typically more than 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles). These flights are crucial for connecting continents and distant regions, facilitating international travel, global trade, and cultural exchange. Long-haul aviation is essential for the global economy, offering non-stop service between major cities around the world.

Benefits¤

  • Global Connectivity: Provides direct connections between distant cities and countries, reducing travel time compared to connecting flights.
  • Economic Impact: Supports international business, tourism, and trade, contributing significantly to the global economy.
  • Comfort and Amenities: Long-haul flights are designed for passenger comfort, offering various in-flight services and amenities to enhance the travel experience.

Applications¤

  • International Travel: Enables travel for business, tourism, education, and family visits across continents.
  • Global Trade: Facilitates the rapid movement of goods and materials between countries, supporting international supply

Challenges¤

  • Environmental Impact: Long-haul flights contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, making sustainability a major concern.
  • Operational Costs: High costs associated with fuel, aircraft maintenance, and airport fees impact the profitability of long-haul routes.
  • Infrastructure Requirements: Major international airports need extensive infrastructure to handle the demands of long-haul operations, including long runways and advanced logistics.

Future Outlook¤

The future of long-haul aviation will focus on enhancing sustainability and efficiency. Innovations in aircraft technology, such as more fuel-efficient engines, lightweight materials, and the development of sustainable aviation fuels, will help reduce the environmental impact. Additionally, improvements in air traffic management and airport infrastructure will support the growth of long-haul travel.

Modelization¤

Bottom-Up¤

The plane considered is an average plane regrouping Wide-Body's aircraft from 2013.1

Aircraft Type Fleet size Daily utilization h/day Aircraft cost $×10^6 Seats
777-300ER WB2 450 11,7 320,2 370
A330-300 WB2 300 10,8 248,87 277
767-300 WB2 220 9,5 185,8 261
757-200 WB2 180 9 84,17 200
747-400 WB3+ 150 10,2 292,13 524
A340-300 WB3+ 125 11,5 243,58 277
Plane LH 10,7 244,94 320

With an average load factor of 83.3% during the period 2015-20192. and an average cruising speed of 734 km/h3.

\[ ref_{size}= \text{Avg # of seats} \cdot \text{Load factor} \cdot \text{Average speed} \cdot \text{Ac utilization factor} \]

Top-Down¤

An other methods is consider the national statistics of Canada.

*(thousands) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Available seat-kilometres* 205 461 574 227 828 958 249 289 456 267 73 487 270 768 611
Hours flown* (HF) 1 985 2 43 2 160 2 270 2 277
Passenger-kilometres* (RPK) 171 276 306 188 573 927 207 24 879 223 625 353 228 319 390
Passengers* 68 122 73 512 79 545 84 39 85 459
Total operating revenues* 19 366 747 19 811 470 21 734 134 23 807 941 25 305 619
Turbo fuel consumed* 6 545 65 6 994 641 7 587 721 7 932 156 8 102 149
Fuel litre/RPK 0,0382 0,0371 0,0367 0,0355 0,0355
\[ \text{# Aircraft} = \dfrac{\sum HF [h]}{C_{p,ac} \cdot 8760[h] } \]
\[ ref_{size} = \dfrac{\sum{RPK}[pkm]}{\text{# Aircraft}\cdot 8760[h]} = \dfrac{\sum RPK [pkm] \cdot C_{p,ac}}{\sum HF [h]} \]

\n \(C_{p,ac}\) is the utilization factor and has been computed to be 39.2%1.

Note that this method is global and can not differentiate the shot-haul from long-haul.

ES Model Parameters¤

All the parameters concerning the Plane Long Haul are listed in the table below.

entry_key value unit sets source_reference
CO2_E (layer) 0.098 kgCO2 CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"
CO2_E (layer) 0.104 kgCO2 GLO ATAG, (2021): "Tracking Aviation Efficiency, Fact Sheet #3"
JETFUEL (layer) -0.3957 kWh GLO ATAG, (2021): "Tracking Aviation Efficiency, Fact Sheet #3"
JETFUEL (layer) -0.372 kWh CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"
MOB_PUBLIC_AIR (layer) 1 pkm GLO ATAG, (2021): "Tracking Aviation Efficiency, Fact Sheet #3"
MOB_PUBLIC_AIR (layer) 1 pkm CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"
c_inv 3263 USD/(pkm/h) CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"
c_maint 37 USD/(pkm/h)/yr CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"
c_p 1 - CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"
lifetime 25 y GLO M.Durgut, (2023): "How Long Does a Commercial Aircraft Last? - Aviationfile ⧉"
ref_size 75078 pkm/h CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"
trl 9 - CAN Fischer, Loïc, (2023): "Air_Transportation"

References¤

Data Sources
ATAG. (2021). "Tracking Aviation Efficiency, Fact Sheet #3"
Fischer, Loïc. (2023). "Air_Transportation"
M.Durgut. (2023). "How Long Does a Commercial Aircraft Last? - Aviationfile ⧉". aviation related posts, aviation pioneers and aviation accidents

  1. Fioriti, M., Vercella, V., & Viola, N. (2018). Cost-Estimating Model for Aircraft Maintenance. Journal of Aircraft. doi: 10.2514/1.C034664 ⧉ ↩↩

  2. Operating and financial statistics for major Canadian airlines, monthly. (2024, July 09). Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2310007901 ⧉ ↩

  3. Page sur le parc aérien d'Air Canada. (2024, June 27). Retrieved from https://www.aircanada.com/ca/fr/aco/home/fly/onboard/fleet.html# ⧉ ↩